Regulates the export of non-spliced and partially spliced viral mRNA Precursor of the envelope proteins SU and TM, cleavage by cellular proteaseĪnchorage of gp120, fusion of viral and cell membraneĪctivator of transcription of viral genes Integration of proviral DNA into the host genome Proteolytic cleavage of Gag (Pr55) and Gag-Pol (Pr160GagPol) precursor protein release of structural proteins and viral enzymesĭegradation of viral RNA in the viral RNA/DNA replication complex Myristilated protein, forming the inner membrane layerįormation of the nucleoprotein/RNA complex Precursor of the inner structural proteins
The genome structure of the immunodeficiency viruses of chimpanzees (SIVcpz) and gorillas (SIVgor) is identical to that of HIV-1. HIV-2 codes for Vpx (virus protein x) instead of Vpu, which is partially responsible for the reduced pathogenicity of HIV-2. In addition to the structural proteins, the HIV genome codes for several regulatory proteins: Tat (transactivator protein) and Rev (RNA splicing-regulator) are necessary for the initiation of HIV replication, while the other regulatory proteins Nef (negative regulating factor), Vif (viral infectivity factor), Vpr (virus protein r) and Vpu (virus protein unique) have an impact on viral replication, virus budding and pathogenesis (overview in table table1) 1). Adjacent to the pol gene, the env reading frame follows from which the two envelope glycoproteins gp120 (surface protein, SU) and gp41 (transmembrane protein, TM) are derived.
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The gag reading frame is followed by the pol reading frame coding for the enzymes protease (PR, p12), reverse transcriptase (RT, p51) and RNase H (p15) or RT plus RNase H (together p66) and integrase (IN, p32). In the direction 5′ to 3′ the reading frame of the gag gene follows, encoding the proteins of the outer core membrane (MA, p17), the capsid protein (CA, p24), the nucleocapsid (NC, p7) and a smaller, nucleic acid-stabilising protein (fig. The 5′ LTR region codes for the promotor for transcription of the viral genes.
The DNA genome is flanked at both ends by LTR (long terminal repeat) sequences (fig. The genome of the HIV provirus (see 1.1.3), also known as proviral DNA, is generated by the reverse transcription of the viral RNA genome into DNA, degradation of the RNA and integration of the double-stranded HIV DNA into the human genome. The HIV genome consists of two identical single-stranded RNA molecules that are enclosed within the core of the virus particle.
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